Birth Control

Women today have a wide variety of birth control methods to choose from. From condoms to the contraceptive pill, from IUDs to diaphragms, every woman can find a type of birth control that they feel comfortable with. Yet, all this choice can make it difficult to decide just which form of contraception is the right one for you. By reading up on the tried and tested kinds of birth control, as well as newer contraceptives, you can get a better idea of what would be most suitable for you.

Because there are so many different methods of birth control, contracpetives are typically sorted into various categories. Contraceptive types include barrier methods, hormonal birth control, long-term contraceptives, and natural birth control. Although some contraceptive methods are inadequate, the majority of birth control options are effective. However, it is important to note that no form of contraception provides 100% protection against pregnancy. The only fool-proof way not to get pregnant is to abstain from sex completely.
Barrier methods of birth control work to prevent pregnancy by stopping sperm from coming into contact with an egg. Contraceptives that fall into this category include female condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, the contraceptive sponge, and male condoms. Associated with few birth control side effects, these contraceptives are non-hormonal. Additionally, the male and female condoms are the only forms of birth control that offer any type of protection against STDs.

Hormonal contraceptives help prevent a pregnancy by using synthetic forms of naturally occurring hormones to prevent your body from ovulating. In some cases, the hormones may also work to thin the lining of the uterus and to thicken cervical mucus. Unfortunately, hormones can also produce some unpleasant side effects, causing some women to be turned off of these very effective birth control methods. Depo-Provera (the "birth control shot"), birth control pills, the birth control patch, the birth control ring, Implanon as well as some IUDs, such as the Mirena, are examples of hormonal contraceptives.
Forms of long-term birth control include tubal ligations, IUDs, and, for men, vasectomies. Both tubal ligations and vasectomies are meant as permanent birth control methods, although they can be reversed. Once an IUD is inserted by your health care professional, it can stay in place for anywhere from five to seven years.

Many women prefer to use natural, hormone free birth control. Known as Fertility Awareness Methods (FAM), this type of contraception relies upon periodic abstinence when a woman is fertile. FAM can involve charting your basal body temperature and/or menstrual cycle; noting the changes in your cervical mucus; and using the rhythm method or it’s newest incarnation, the standard days method. Breastfeeding is also a very effective type of natural birth control known as the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM).

Gel 'could treat major back pain'

A hi-tech gel could be used instead of major surgery to treat chronic lower back pain, according to a study.
The gel contains tiny particles which swell and stiffen when injected into a damaged area.
Tests on animals, reported in the journal Soft Matter, showed it was able to repair the discs that provide a cushion between the bones of the spine.
The University of Manchester work raises the possibility of patients being able to regain full mobility.
Our approach has the advantage of restoring spinal mobility whereas spinal fusion surgery results in a significant loss of mobility at the fused and adjacent discs
Professor Tony FreemontUniversity of Manchester
It offers a potential alternative to spinal fusion surgery, a technique in which the bones of the spine - the vertebrae - are fused together to reduce pain by eliminating motion in the affected area.
This is a major procedure, which requires considerable recovery time and can lead to a significant loss of mobility.
Degeneration of the intervertebral discs causes holes in the load-bearing tissue of the disc.
This decreases the height of the disc, reducing its ability to insulate the vertebrae, and resulting in pain.
Smart sponges
The micro gel particles the research team have developed are like "smart sponges" when dispersed in water.
The material is a fluid with a low pH - indicating a high level of acidity - and can be injected through a syringe.
However, at the higher pH found in the body it changes to a stiff gel because of the absorption of water.
In tests, the researchers injected the gel into a damaged disc taken from a pig, and increased pH to levels similar to those found in the body by injecting alkaline solution.
Researcher Professor Tony Freemont said there was a pressing need to develop a non-surgical method for repairing intervertebral discs.
He said: "Our approach has the advantage of restoring spinal mobility whereas spinal fusion surgery results in a significant loss of mobility at the fused and adjacent discs."
However, his colleague Dr Brian Saunders said: "Although we are encouraged by our findings, much work lies ahead to develop a viable non-surgical repair technology to replace spinal fusion as the standard surgical treatment for chronic lower back pain."
Complex problem
The Manchester team plan to investigate the development of biodegradable micro gels that can release additives to stimulate regeneration of intervertebral disc tissue.
Dr Alison McGregor, an expert in back pain at Imperial College London, described the research as "very exciting".
However, she said: "Managing the back pain of people with degenerate discs often goes beyond damage to the disc itself and leads to many problems in the surrounding tissues, especially muscles and ligaments.
"I am not sure that restoring some of the properties to the disc will lead to normal motion and normal function.
"Often there are many psychosocial factors and other factors that are contributing to the pain and disability that these people present with."
Dr Joan Hester, president of the British Pain Society, agreed the gel would not work for all back pain sufferers.
"Pain can come from the tiny nerves that run round the edge of the disc, from ligaments, facet joints, inflamed nerve roots, from bone and from muscle spasm.
"Improving mechanical function of the disc and increasing mobility must have a beneficial effect, but will not provide a cure for all back pain.
"Injecting material into an intervertebral disc carries a small risk of introducing infection."
The research was funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.